class: left, bottom, title-slide .title[ # Self-Directed Learning ] .subtitle[ ## Historical Retrospective Of A Concept ] .author[ ### Bret Staudt Willet & Chufeng Bai | Florida State University ] .date[ ### February 18, 2026 ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M160 32c-35.3 0-64 28.7-64 64V320c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H512c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H160zM396 138.7l96 144c4.9 7.4 5.4 16.8 1.2 24.6S480.9 320 472 320H328 280 200c-9.2 0-17.6-5.3-21.6-13.6s-2.9-18.2 2.9-25.4l64-80c4.6-5.7 11.4-9 18.7-9s14.2 3.3 18.7 9l17.3 21.6 56-84C360.5 132 368 128 376 128s15.5 4 20 10.7zM192 128a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0zM48 120c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24S0 106.7 0 120V344c0 75.1 60.9 136 136 136H456c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24s-10.7-24-24-24H136c-48.6 0-88-39.4-88-88V120z"/></svg> **View the slides:** [bretsw.com/sdl26-history](https://bretsw.com/sdl26-history/) --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M464 256A208 208 0 1 0 48 256a208 208 0 1 0 416 0zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm306.7 69.1L162.4 380.6c-19.4 7.5-38.5-11.6-31-31l55.5-144.3c3.3-8.5 9.9-15.1 18.4-18.4l144.3-55.5c19.4-7.5 38.5 11.6 31 31L325.1 306.7c-3.2 8.5-9.9 15.1-18.4 18.4zM288 256a32 32 0 1 0 -64 0 32 32 0 1 0 64 0z"/></svg> <br><br> Introduction --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M464 256A208 208 0 1 0 48 256a208 208 0 1 0 416 0zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm306.7 69.1L162.4 380.6c-19.4 7.5-38.5-11.6-31-31l55.5-144.3c3.3-8.5 9.9-15.1 18.4-18.4l144.3-55.5c19.4-7.5 38.5 11.6 31 31L325.1 306.7c-3.2 8.5-9.9 15.1-18.4 18.4zM288 256a32 32 0 1 0 -64 0 32 32 0 1 0 64 0z"/></svg> Historical Retrospective <img src="img/ponton2023.png" width="600px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> Ponton, M. K. (2023). The determination of citation metrics for the International Journal of Self-Directed Learning. *International Journal of Self-Directed Learning, 20*(2), 23–33. https://www.sdlglobal.com/journals --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M464 256A208 208 0 1 0 48 256a208 208 0 1 0 416 0zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm306.7 69.1L162.4 380.6c-19.4 7.5-38.5-11.6-31-31l55.5-144.3c3.3-8.5 9.9-15.1 18.4-18.4l144.3-55.5c19.4-7.5 38.5 11.6 31 31L325.1 306.7c-3.2 8.5-9.9 15.1-18.4 18.4zM288 256a32 32 0 1 0 -64 0 32 32 0 1 0 64 0z"/></svg> Historical Retrospective <img src="img/skiing-history.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ### Skiing then... --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M464 256A208 208 0 1 0 48 256a208 208 0 1 0 416 0zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm306.7 69.1L162.4 380.6c-19.4 7.5-38.5-11.6-31-31l55.5-144.3c3.3-8.5 9.9-15.1 18.4-18.4l144.3-55.5c19.4-7.5 38.5 11.6 31 31L325.1 306.7c-3.2 8.5-9.9 15.1-18.4 18.4zM288 256a32 32 0 1 0 -64 0 32 32 0 1 0 64 0z"/></svg> Historical Retrospective <img src="img/skiing-today1.jpg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ### Skiing now... --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M464 256A208 208 0 1 0 48 256a208 208 0 1 0 416 0zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm306.7 69.1L162.4 380.6c-19.4 7.5-38.5-11.6-31-31l55.5-144.3c3.3-8.5 9.9-15.1 18.4-18.4l144.3-55.5c19.4-7.5 38.5 11.6 31 31L325.1 306.7c-3.2 8.5-9.9 15.1-18.4 18.4zM288 256a32 32 0 1 0 -64 0 32 32 0 1 0 64 0z"/></svg> Historical Retrospective <img src="img/skiing-today2.jpg" width="720px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ### Skiing now... --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M464 256A208 208 0 1 0 48 256a208 208 0 1 0 416 0zM0 256a256 256 0 1 1 512 0A256 256 0 1 1 0 256zm306.7 69.1L162.4 380.6c-19.4 7.5-38.5-11.6-31-31l55.5-144.3c3.3-8.5 9.9-15.1 18.4-18.4l144.3-55.5c19.4-7.5 38.5 11.6 31 31L325.1 306.7c-3.2 8.5-9.9 15.1-18.4 18.4zM288 256a32 32 0 1 0 -64 0 32 32 0 1 0 64 0z"/></svg> <br><br> Purpose Explore how SDL has been researched across all disciplines since its origin --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M40 48C26.7 48 16 58.7 16 72v48c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H88c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V72c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H40zM192 64c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H192zm0 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H192zm0 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H192zM16 232v48c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H88c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V232c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H40c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24zM40 368c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v48c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H88c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V392c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H40z"/></svg> <br><br> Method --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M40 48C26.7 48 16 58.7 16 72v48c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H88c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V72c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H40zM192 64c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H192zm0 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H192zm0 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32H480c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32H192zM16 232v48c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H88c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V232c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H40c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24zM40 368c-13.3 0-24 10.7-24 24v48c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24H88c13.3 0 24-10.7 24-24V392c0-13.3-10.7-24-24-24H40z"/></svg> Method: Data Mining <img src="img/data-mining.jpg" width="540px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> -- ### Total of 27,876 self-directed learning articles -- - **Scite.ai:** 22,532 articles (1966-2025) -- - **Web of Science:** 5,174 articles (1967-2026) -- - **International Journal of Self-Directed Learning** 170 articles (2004-2023) --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> <br><br> Results --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> <br><br> Results: RQ1 <br> How has the volume of SDL journal articles changed over time? --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ1 <img src="img/fig1-articles-by-year-scite.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 1.** Total Number of SDL Articles and Citations Per Year, 1966–2025 (Scite.AI) --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ1 <img src="img/fig2-articles-by-year-wos.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 2.** Total Number of SDL Articles and Citations Per Year, 1967–2026 (Web of Science) --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ1 <img src="img/fig3-articles-by-year-ijsdl.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 3.** Total Number of SDL Articles and Citations Per Year, 2004–2023 (IJSDL) --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> <br><br> Results: RQ2 <br> How has the impact of SDL journal articles changed over time? --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ2 <img src="img/fig4-ave-citations-by-year-scite.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 4.** Mean and Median Citations per SDL Article by Year, 1966–2025 (Scite.ai) --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ2 <img src="img/fig5-ave-citations-by-year-wos.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 5.** Mean and Median Citations per SDL Article by Year, 1967–2026 (Web of Science) --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ2 <img src="img/fig6-ave-citations-by-year-ijsdl.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 6.** Mean and Median Citations per SDL Article by Year, 2004–2023 (IJSDL) --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> <br><br> Results: RQ3 <br> How has the language used in SDL studies changed over time? --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ3 <img src="img/fig7-top-term-frequency-plot.png" width="360px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 7.** Top Terms Included SDL Article Titles and Abstracts by Year (Scite.ai) --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ3 <img src="img/fig8-key-concepts.png" width="640px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 8.** Key Concepts (Bigrams and Trigrams) in SDL Article Titles (Scite.ai) --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 64v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM82.7 207c-15.3 8.8-20.5 28.4-11.7 43.7l32 55.4c8.8 15.3 28.4 20.5 43.7 11.7l55.4-32c15.3-8.8 20.5-28.4 11.7-43.7l-32-55.4c-8.8-15.3-28.4-20.5-43.7-11.7L82.7 207zM288 192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V224c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H288zm64 160c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H352zM160 384v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32h64c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H192c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32zM32 352c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32v64c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H96c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32V384c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32H32z"/></svg> Results: RQ3 <img src="img/fig9-concept-network-scite.png" width="640px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> **Figure 9.** Concept Network in SDL Article Titles (Scite.ai) --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 320 512" style="height:1em;width:0.62em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M16 144a144 144 0 1 1 288 0A144 144 0 1 1 16 144zM160 80c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16c-53 0-96 43-96 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16c0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64zM128 480V317.1c10.4 1.9 21.1 2.9 32 2.9s21.6-1 32-2.9V480c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32z"/></svg> <br><br> Implications --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 320 512" style="height:1em;width:0.62em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M16 144a144 144 0 1 1 288 0A144 144 0 1 1 16 144zM160 80c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16s-7.2-16-16-16c-53 0-96 43-96 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16s16-7.2 16-16c0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64zM128 480V317.1c10.4 1.9 21.1 2.9 32 2.9s21.6-1 32-2.9V480c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32z"/></svg> Implications <img src="img/implications.jpg" width="720px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ### What does this all mean for the symposium? For the society? --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M32 64c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 320c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32V96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64zm214.6 73.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3L205.3 224l229.5 0-41.4-41.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3s32.8-12.5 45.3 0l96 96c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3l-96 96c-12.5 12.5-32.8 12.5-45.3 0s-12.5-32.8 0-45.3L434.7 288l-229.5 0 41.4 41.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0l-96-96c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3l96-96c12.5-12.5 32.8-12.5 45.3 0zM640 96V416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32V96c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"/></svg> <br><br> Future Research --- # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M32 64c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 320c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32V96C0 78.3 14.3 64 32 64zm214.6 73.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3L205.3 224l229.5 0-41.4-41.4c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3s32.8-12.5 45.3 0l96 96c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3l-96 96c-12.5 12.5-32.8 12.5-45.3 0s-12.5-32.8 0-45.3L434.7 288l-229.5 0 41.4 41.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0l-96-96c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.8 0-45.3l96-96c12.5-12.5 32.8-12.5 45.3 0zM640 96V416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32V96c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32z"/></svg> Future Research <img src="img/future.jpg" width="720px" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ### Where do we go from here? --- class: inverse, center, middle # <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 320 512" style="height:1em;width:0.62em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M80 160c0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64h32c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64v3.6c0 21.8-11.1 42.1-29.4 53.8l-42.2 27.1c-25.2 16.2-40.4 44.1-40.4 74V320c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32s32-14.3 32-32v-1.4c0-8.2 4.2-15.8 11-20.2l42.2-27.1c36.6-23.6 58.8-64.1 58.8-107.7V160c0-70.7-57.3-128-128-128H144C73.3 32 16 89.3 16 160c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32s32-14.3 32-32zm80 320a40 40 0 1 0 0-80 40 40 0 1 0 0 80z"/></svg> <br><br> Questions **What would you like to know more about?** <hr> <br><br><br><br> **Bret Staudt Willet | Chufeng Bai** <br><br> Florida State University <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M64 112c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v22.1L220.5 291.7c20.7 17 50.4 17 71.1 0L464 150.1V128c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H64zM48 212.2V384c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16H448c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V212.2L322 328.8c-38.4 31.5-93.7 31.5-132 0L48 212.2zM0 128C0 92.7 28.7 64 64 64H448c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64V384c0 35.3-28.7 64-64 64H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V128z"/></svg> [bret.staudtwillet@fsu.edu](mailto:bret.staudtwillet@fsu.edu) | <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M352 256c0 22.2-1.2 43.6-3.3 64H163.3c-2.2-20.4-3.3-41.8-3.3-64s1.2-43.6 3.3-64H348.7c2.2 20.4 3.3 41.8 3.3 64zm28.8-64H503.9c5.3 20.5 8.1 41.9 8.1 64s-2.8 43.5-8.1 64H380.8c2.1-20.6 3.2-42 3.2-64s-1.1-43.4-3.2-64zm112.6-32H376.7c-10-63.9-29.8-117.4-55.3-151.6c78.3 20.7 142 77.5 171.9 151.6zm-149.1 0H167.7c6.1-36.4 15.5-68.6 27-94.7c10.5-23.6 22.2-40.7 33.5-51.5C239.4 3.2 248.7 0 256 0s16.6 3.2 27.8 13.8c11.3 10.8 23 27.9 33.5 51.5c11.6 26 20.9 58.2 27 94.7zm-209 0H18.6C48.6 85.9 112.2 29.1 190.6 8.4C165.1 42.6 145.3 96.1 135.3 160zM8.1 192H131.2c-2.1 20.6-3.2 42-3.2 64s1.1 43.4 3.2 64H8.1C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256s2.8-43.5 8.1-64zM194.7 446.6c-11.6-26-20.9-58.2-27-94.6H344.3c-6.1 36.4-15.5 68.6-27 94.6c-10.5 23.6-22.2 40.7-33.5 51.5C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 256 512s-16.6-3.2-27.8-13.8c-11.3-10.8-23-27.9-33.5-51.5zM135.3 352c10 63.9 29.8 117.4 55.3 151.6C112.2 482.9 48.6 426.1 18.6 352H135.3zm358.1 0c-30 74.1-93.6 130.9-171.9 151.6c25.5-34.2 45.2-87.7 55.3-151.6H493.4z"/></svg> [bretsw.com](https://bretsw.com/) | <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg> [GitHub](https://github.com/bretsw/)