Module 6: Elements of Style

.title[
# Module 6: Elements of Style
]
.subtitle[
## EME6665: Synthesis, Analysis, & Argumentation
]
.author[
### Dr. Bret Staudt Willet
]
.date[
### November 6, 2023
]

---

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**View the slides:**

[bretsw.com/eme6665-fs23-module6](https://bretsw.com/eme6665-fs23-module6)

---

# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M88.2 309.1c9.8-18.3 6.8-40.8-7.5-55.8C59.4 230.9 48 204 48 176c0-63.5 63.8-128 160-128s160 64.5 160 128s-63.8 128-160 128c-13.1 0-25.8-1.3-37.8-3.6c-10.4-2-21.2-.6-30.7 4.2c-4.1 2.1-8.3 4.1-12.6 6c-16 7.2-32.9 13.5-49.9 18c2.8-4.6 5.4-9.1 7.9-13.6c1.1-1.9 2.2-3.9 3.2-5.9zM0 176c0 41.8 17.2 80.1 45.9 110.3c-.9 1.7-1.9 3.5-2.8 5.1c-10.3 18.4-22.3 36.5-36.6 52.1c-6.6 7-8.3 17.2-4.6 25.9C5.8 378.3 14.4 384 24 384c43 0 86.5-13.3 122.7-29.7c4.8-2.2 9.6-4.5 14.2-6.8c15.1 3 30.9 4.5 47.1 4.5c114.9 0 208-78.8 208-176S322.9 0 208 0S0 78.8 0 176zM432 480c16.2 0 31.9-1.6 47.1-4.5c4.6 2.3 9.4 4.6 14.2 6.8C529.5 498.7 573 512 616 512c9.6 0 18.2-5.7 22-14.5c3.8-8.8 2-19-4.6-25.9c-14.2-15.6-26.2-33.7-36.6-52.1c-.9-1.7-1.9-3.4-2.8-5.1C622.8 384.1 640 345.8 640 304c0-94.4-87.9-171.5-198.2-175.8c4.1 15.2 6.2 31.2 6.2 47.8l0 .6c87.2 6.7 144 67.5 144 127.4c0 28-11.4 54.9-32.7 77.2c-14.3 15-17.3 37.6-7.5 55.8c1.1 2 2.2 4 3.2 5.9c2.5 4.5 5.2 9 7.9 13.6c-17-4.5-33.9-10.7-49.9-18c-4.3-1.9-8.5-3.9-12.6-6c-9.5-4.8-20.3-6.2-30.7-4.2c-12.1 2.4-24.7 3.6-37.8 3.6c-61.7 0-110-26.5-136.8-62.3c-16 5.4-32.8 9.4-50 11.8C279 439.8 350 480 432 480z"/></svg> <br><br> Module 5 <br> Recap

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Your lit review is a **bridge between** the introduction (problem) and your research questions (what you will do)

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Your problem (introduction) and framework sections can help to **provide structure** to your lit review

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Start with an outline, then turn into topic sentences, and then complete the paragraph with evidence from multiple sources.

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Your lit review is where you dig deep into what is already known (like mining)

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Contrast (and conflicting findings in the literature) is good!

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Your lit review should include only what *must* be there:

- "If-and-Only-If: **necessary and sufficient**"

- What are the "load-bearing" walls in your lit review?

---

# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M278.5 215.6L23 471c-9.4 9.4-9.4 24.6 0 33.9s24.6 9.4 33.9 0l74.8-74.8c7.4 4.6 15.3 8.2 23.8 10.5C200.3 452.8 270 454.5 338 409.4c12.2-8.1 5.8-25.4-8.8-25.4l-16.1 0c-5.1 0-9.2-4.1-9.2-9.2c0-4.1 2.7-7.6 6.5-8.8l97.7-29.3c3.4-1 6.4-3.1 8.4-6.1c4.4-6.4 8.6-12.9 12.6-19.6c6.2-10.3-1.5-23-13.5-23l-38.6 0c-5.1 0-9.2-4.1-9.2-9.2c0-4.1 2.7-7.6 6.5-8.8l80.9-24.3c4.6-1.4 8.4-4.8 10.2-9.3C494.5 163 507.8 86.1 511.9 36.8c.8-9.9-3-19.6-10-26.6s-16.7-10.8-26.6-10C391.5 7 228.5 40.5 137.4 131.6C57.3 211.7 56.7 302.3 71.3 356.4c2.1 7.9 12 9.6 17.8 3.8L253.6 195.8c6.2-6.2 16.4-6.2 22.6 0c5.4 5.4 6.1 13.6 2.2 19.8z"/></svg> <br><br> Module 6: <br> Elements of Style

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### Galvan & Galvan, 2017, Chapter 10
*Guidelines for Writing a First Draft*

<hr>

**✓ Guideline 1:** Begin by Identify the Broad Problem Area, But Avoid Global Statements

- *You will actually take care of this in your Introduction section of the prospectus*

**✓ Guideline 2:** Early in the Review, Indicate Why the Topic Being Reviewed is Important

- *You should do this in an introductory paragraph at the beginning of the lit review, prior to the sections you've outlined*

- *Include a "roadmap" statement*

**✓ Guideline 3:** Distinguish Between Research Findings and Other Sources of Information

**✓ Guideline 4:** Indicate Why Certain Studies Are Important

---

### Galvan & Galvan, 2017, Chapter 10
*Guidelines for Writing a First Draft*

<hr>

**✓ Guideline 5:** If You Are Commenting on the Timeliness of a Topic, Be Specific in Describing the Time Frame

**✓ Guideline 6:** If Citing a Classic or Landmark Study, Identify It as Such

- *Consider using language like "seminal" or "foundational"*

- *Explain why you consider the study to be this important*

**✓ Guideline 8:** Discuss Other Literature Reviews on Your Topic

- *Your work in Module 4 should help here*

**✓ Guideline 10:** Justify Comments Such As "No Studies Were Found"

**✓ Guideline 11:** Avoid Long Lists of Nonspecific References

---

### Galvan & Galvan, 2017, Chapter 10
*Guidelines for Writing a First Draft*

<hr>

**✓ Guideline 12:** If the Results of Previous Studies Are Inconsistent of Widely Varying, Cite Them Separately

**✓ Guideline 13:** Speculate on the Reasons for Inconsistent Findings in Previous Research

- *Be sure to justify your speculation (i.e., provide evidence)*
  
--

**✓ Guideline 15:** Emphasize the Need for Your Study in the Literature Review Section or Chapter

- *Remember that your lit review is making an argument*

---

- APA style: refer to [Purdue OWL](https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html) often

- Write in the **first person**: "In this study, **I** will..."

- Use singular "**they**" when referring to a cited author

- Use **past tense**: they already said it; they are not necessarily still saying it

- Use "**et al.**" any time you are citing 3 or more authors

- Be careful with **capitalization** and **italics** in your reference list

---

# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M128 32h32c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V96H96V64c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zm64 96V448c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H32c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32V388.9c0-34.6 9.4-68.6 27.2-98.3C40.9 267.8 49.7 242.4 53 216L60.5 156c2-16 15.6-28 31.8-28H192zm227.8 0c16.1 0 29.8 12 31.8 28L459 216c3.3 26.4 12.1 51.8 25.8 74.6c17.8 29.7 27.2 63.7 27.2 98.3V448c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32H352c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32V128h99.8zM320 64c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32h32c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V96H320V64zm-32 64V288H224V128h64z"/></svg> <br><br> Looking ahead

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32V64H288V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32V64h48c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48v48H0V112C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64H96V32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192H448V464c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h96c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16V272c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H80z"/></svg> Semester schedule

- Module 1: Threads of Chapter One

- Module 2: Do You Trust Me?

- Module 3: A Handbook's Tale

- Module 4: Systematic Not Automatic

- Module 5: Synthesis Over Summary

- **Module 6: Elements of Style (for Academic Writing)**

- Module 7: Weaving Together Chapter One

---

# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M0 64C0 28.7 28.7 0 64 0H224V128c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32H384V285.7l-86.8 86.8c-10.3 10.3-17.5 23.1-21 37.2l-18.7 74.9c-2.3 9.2-1.8 18.8 1.3 27.5H64c-35.3 0-64-28.7-64-64V64zm384 64H256V0L384 128zM549.8 235.7l14.4 14.4c15.6 15.6 15.6 40.9 0 56.6l-29.4 29.4-71-71 29.4-29.4c15.6-15.6 40.9-15.6 56.6 0zM311.9 417L441.1 287.8l71 71L382.9 487.9c-4.1 4.1-9.2 7-14.9 8.4l-60.1 15c-5.5 1.4-11.2-.2-15.2-4.2s-5.6-9.7-4.2-15.2l15-60.1c1.4-5.6 4.3-10.8 8.4-14.9z"/></svg> Peer Review Assignment

**Objective:** Provide **constructive feedback** on classmates’ completed subsection assignment.

<hr>

Follow the rubric from the *Module 5 Assignment: One Completed Subsection* to:

- Assess the strengths and weaknesses of **two** classmates' work.

- Keep in mind the kind of feedback you would like to receive on your own work, and try to offer this to your classmates.

- It doesn't help your peers to only say "This is great!" or "This is a mess." Explain why!

### Specific comments and suggestions are often the most helpful!

---

# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 320 512" style="height:1em;width:0.62em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M80 160c0-35.3 28.7-64 64-64h32c35.3 0 64 28.7 64 64v3.6c0 21.8-11.1 42.1-29.4 53.8l-42.2 27.1c-25.2 16.2-40.4 44.1-40.4 74V320c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32s32-14.3 32-32v-1.4c0-8.2 4.2-15.8 11-20.2l42.2-27.1c36.6-23.6 58.8-64.1 58.8-107.7V160c0-70.7-57.3-128-128-128H144C73.3 32 16 89.3 16 160c0 17.7 14.3 32 32 32s32-14.3 32-32zm80 320a40 40 0 1 0 0-80 40 40 0 1 0 0 80z"/></svg> <br><br> Questions

<hr>

**What questions can I answer for you now?**

**How can I support you this week?**

<hr>