Part 1: Introduction to Networks

# Part 1: Introduction to Networks
## #aectRTD workshop
### K. Bret Staudt Willet | Florida State University
### March 4, 2022

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 256c61.9 0 112-50.1 112-112S253.9 32 192 32 80 82.1 80 144s50.1 112 112 112zm76.8 32h-8.3c-20.8 10-43.9 16-68.5 16s-47.6-6-68.5-16h-8.3C51.6 288 0 339.6 0 403.2V432c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48v-28.8c0-63.6-51.6-115.2-115.2-115.2zM480 256c53 0 96-43 96-96s-43-96-96-96-96 43-96 96 43 96 96 96zm48 32h-3.8c-13.9 4.8-28.6 8-44.2 8s-30.3-3.2-44.2-8H432c-20.4 0-39.2 5.9-55.7 15.4 24.4 26.3 39.7 61.2 39.7 99.8v38.4c0 2.2-.5 4.3-.6 6.4H592c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48 0-61.9-50.1-112-112-112z"/></svg> <br><br> Welcome & Introductions

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 352c-2.39 0-4.78.35-7.06 1.09C187.98 357.3 174.35 360 160 360c-14.35 0-27.98-2.7-40.95-6.91-2.28-.74-4.66-1.09-7.05-1.09C49.94 352-.33 402.48 0 464.62.14 490.88 21.73 512 48 512h224c26.27 0 47.86-21.12 48-47.38.33-62.14-49.94-112.62-112-112.62zm-48-32c53.02 0 96-42.98 96-96s-42.98-96-96-96-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96zM592 0H208c-26.47 0-48 22.25-48 49.59V96c23.42 0 45.1 6.78 64 17.8V64h352v288h-64v-64H384v64h-76.24c19.1 16.69 33.12 38.73 39.69 64H592c26.47 0 48-22.25 48-49.59V49.59C640 22.25 618.47 0 592 0z"/></svg> Meet Your Instructor!

### Bret Staudt Willet, Ph.D.

- <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M208 352c-2.39 0-4.78.35-7.06 1.09C187.98 357.3 174.35 360 160 360c-14.35 0-27.98-2.7-40.95-6.91-2.28-.74-4.66-1.09-7.05-1.09C49.94 352-.33 402.48 0 464.62.14 490.88 21.73 512 48 512h224c26.27 0 47.86-21.12 48-47.38.33-62.14-49.94-112.62-112-112.62zm-48-32c53.02 0 96-42.98 96-96s-42.98-96-96-96-96 42.98-96 96 42.98 96 96 96zM592 0H208c-26.47 0-48 22.25-48 49.59V96c23.42 0 45.1 6.78 64 17.8V64h352v288h-64v-64H384v64h-76.24c19.1 16.69 33.12 38.73 39.69 64H592c26.47 0 48-22.25 48-49.59V49.59C640 22.25 618.47 0 592 0z"/></svg> Assistant Professor, [Instructional Systems & Learning Technologies](https://education.fsu.edu/islt), Florida State University
- <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M336.5 160C322 70.7 287.8 8 248 8s-74 62.7-88.5 152h177zM152 256c0 22.2 1.2 43.5 3.3 64h185.3c2.1-20.5 3.3-41.8 3.3-64s-1.2-43.5-3.3-64H155.3c-2.1 20.5-3.3 41.8-3.3 64zm324.7-96c-28.6-67.9-86.5-120.4-158-141.6 24.4 33.8 41.2 84.7 50 141.6h108zM177.2 18.4C105.8 39.6 47.8 92.1 19.3 160h108c8.7-56.9 25.5-107.8 49.9-141.6zM487.4 192H372.7c2.1 21 3.3 42.5 3.3 64s-1.2 43-3.3 64h114.6c5.5-20.5 8.6-41.8 8.6-64s-3.1-43.5-8.5-64zM120 256c0-21.5 1.2-43 3.3-64H8.6C3.2 212.5 0 233.8 0 256s3.2 43.5 8.6 64h114.6c-2-21-3.2-42.5-3.2-64zm39.5 96c14.5 89.3 48.7 152 88.5 152s74-62.7 88.5-152h-177zm159.3 141.6c71.4-21.2 129.4-73.7 158-141.6h-108c-8.8 56.9-25.6 107.8-50 141.6zM19.3 352c28.6 67.9 86.5 120.4 158 141.6-24.4-33.8-41.2-84.7-50-141.6h-108z"/></svg> Website: http://bretsw.com
- <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"/></svg> Twitter: [@bretsw](https://twitter.com/bretsw)
- <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;width:0.97em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg> GitHub: [bretsw](https://github.com/bretsw/)

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M96,128A64,64,0,1,0,32,64,64,64,0,0,0,96,128Zm0,176.08a44.11,44.11,0,0,1,13.64-32L181.77,204c1.65-1.55,3.77-2.31,5.61-3.57A63.91,63.91,0,0,0,128,160H64A64,64,0,0,0,0,224v96a32,32,0,0,0,32,32V480a32,32,0,0,0,32,32h64a32,32,0,0,0,32-32V383.61l-50.36-47.53A44.08,44.08,0,0,1,96,304.08ZM480,128a64,64,0,1,0-64-64A64,64,0,0,0,480,128Zm32,32H448a63.91,63.91,0,0,0-59.38,40.42c1.84,1.27,4,2,5.62,3.59l72.12,68.06a44.37,44.37,0,0,1,0,64L416,383.62V480a32,32,0,0,0,32,32h64a32,32,0,0,0,32-32V352a32,32,0,0,0,32-32V224A64,64,0,0,0,512,160ZM444.4,295.34l-72.12-68.06A12,12,0,0,0,352,236v36H224V236a12,12,0,0,0-20.28-8.73L131.6,295.34a12.4,12.4,0,0,0,0,17.47l72.12,68.07A12,12,0,0,0,224,372.14V336H352v36.14a12,12,0,0,0,20.28,8.74l72.12-68.07A12.4,12.4,0,0,0,444.4,295.34Z"/></svg> Meet Your Co-conspirators!

<div class="caption">
<p><a href="https://fsu.padlet.org/bretsw/u39nyiwsn9rcvogg" target="_blank">'Intros: #aectRTD SNA workshop' padlet</a></p>
</div>

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"/></svg> Important Links

## Homebase

- **Workshop website:** https://bretsw.github.io/aect22-workshop
- **Workshop code repository:** https://github.com/bretsw/aect22-workshop
- **tidytags R package:** https://github.com/ropensci/tidytags

## Agenda

- **Part 1: Introduction to Networks**
  - Slides: [Part 1 - Networks](1-networks.html)
- **Part 2: Introduction to R**
  - Slides: [Part 2 - R](2-intro-R.html)
- **Part 3: Network Description**
  - Slides: [Part 3 - Description](3-description.html)
- **Part 4: Network Inference**
  - Slides: [Part 4 - Inference](4-inference.html)

## Help

- Ask questions in the Zoom chat!
- Or, reach out directly:
  - Email: [bret.staudtwillet@fsu.edu](mailto:bret.staudtwillet@fsu.edu)
  - Twitter: [@bretsw](https://twitter.com/bretsw)

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M352 320c-22.608 0-43.387 7.819-59.79 20.895l-102.486-64.054a96.551 96.551 0 0 0 0-41.683l102.486-64.054C308.613 184.181 329.392 192 352 192c53.019 0 96-42.981 96-96S405.019 0 352 0s-96 42.981-96 96c0 7.158.79 14.13 2.276 20.841L155.79 180.895C139.387 167.819 118.608 160 96 160c-53.019 0-96 42.981-96 96s42.981 96 96 96c22.608 0 43.387-7.819 59.79-20.895l102.486 64.054A96.301 96.301 0 0 0 256 416c0 53.019 42.981 96 96 96s96-42.981 96-96-42.981-96-96-96z"/></svg> <br> <br> **Part 1:** <br> Introduction to Networks

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<div class="caption">
<p>Kadushin, C. (2012). <em>Understanding social networks: Theories, concepts, and findings.</em> New York, NY: Oxford University Press.</p>
</div>

**Social network analysis:** (SNA; Kadushin, 2012, pp. 3–4)

- "set of relations between objects"

- "what passes through these networks"

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**Objects <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z"/></svg> Relations <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="height:1em;width:0.88em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z"/></svg> What Passes Through**

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<div class="caption">
<p><a href="https://fsu.padlet.org/bretsw/mt9bov3n6809uwi" target="_blank">'Measures: #aectRTD SNA workshop' padlet</a></p>
</div>

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- **Objects:** nodes, vertices, <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M128 256c0 35.346-28.654 64-64 64S0 291.346 0 256s28.654-64 64-64 64 28.654 64 64zM64 384c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0-352C28.654 32 0 60.654 0 96s28.654 64 64 64 64-28.654 64-64-28.654-64-64-64zm160 192c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0 160c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0-352c-35.346 0-64 28.654-64 64s28.654 64 64 64 64-28.654 64-64-28.654-64-64-64zm224 192c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0 160c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0-352c-35.346 0-64 28.654-64 64s28.654 64 64 64 64-28.654 64-64-28.654-64-64-64zm160 192c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0 160c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32zm0-320c-17.673 0-32 14.327-32 32s14.327 32 32 32 32-14.327 32-32-14.327-32-32-32z"/></svg>

- **Relations:** edges, connections, <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 256 512" style="height:1em;width:0.5em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#782F40;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M96 496V16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16H48c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v480c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16zm128 0V16c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16h-32c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16v480c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16h32c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16z"/></svg>

- **Edgelist:** two-columns: sender + receiver

- Each column entry is a **node**
  - Each row is an **edge** (i.e., connection between two nodes)

---

- **Order:** count of nodes (vertices, objects)

- **Size:** count of edges (connections, relations)

- **Diameter:** similar to degrees of separation

- **Density:** out of all possible connections, percentage that have been made

- **Node degree:** number of connections

- *In-degree:* popularity

- *Out-degree:* productivity
  
--

- **Reciprocity:** mutuality

- *Low reciprocity* implies hierarchical relationships (Hogan, 2017)

- **Transitivity:** clustering

- *High transitivity* implies several highly popular or productive nodes (Hogan, 2017)

---

<div class="caption">
<p>Hogan, B. (2017). Online social networks: Concepts for data collection and analysis. In N. G. Fielding, R. M. Lee, & G. Blank (Eds.), <em>The SAGE handbook of online research methods</em> (2nd ed., pp. 241–258). London, UK: SAGE.</p>
</div>

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 576 512" style="height:1em;width:1.12em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M532 386.2c27.5-27.1 44-61.1 44-98.2 0-80-76.5-146.1-176.2-157.9C368.3 72.5 294.3 32 208 32 93.1 32 0 103.6 0 192c0 37 16.5 71 44 98.2-15.3 30.7-37.3 54.5-37.7 54.9-6.3 6.7-8.1 16.5-4.4 25 3.6 8.5 12 14 21.2 14 53.5 0 96.7-20.2 125.2-38.8 9.2 2.1 18.7 3.7 28.4 4.9C208.1 407.6 281.8 448 368 448c20.8 0 40.8-2.4 59.8-6.8C456.3 459.7 499.4 480 553 480c9.2 0 17.5-5.5 21.2-14 3.6-8.5 1.9-18.3-4.4-25-.4-.3-22.5-24.1-37.8-54.8zm-392.8-92.3L122.1 305c-14.1 9.1-28.5 16.3-43.1 21.4 2.7-4.7 5.4-9.7 8-14.8l15.5-31.1L77.7 256C64.2 242.6 48 220.7 48 192c0-60.7 73.3-112 160-112s160 51.3 160 112-73.3 112-160 112c-16.5 0-33-1.9-49-5.6l-19.8-4.5zM498.3 352l-24.7 24.4 15.5 31.1c2.6 5.1 5.3 10.1 8 14.8-14.6-5.1-29-12.3-43.1-21.4l-17.1-11.1-19.9 4.6c-16 3.7-32.5 5.6-49 5.6-54 0-102.2-20.1-131.3-49.7C338 339.5 416 272.9 416 192c0-3.4-.4-6.7-.7-10C479.7 196.5 528 238.8 528 288c0 28.7-16.2 50.6-29.7 64z"/></svg> <br><br> Quick Check In

- How are you doing?
- What questions remain?

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;width:1em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M80 368H16a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h64a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-64a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-320H16A16 16 0 0 0 0 64v64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h64a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V64a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 160H16a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h64a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-64a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm416 176H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16z"/></svg> <br><br> Appendix: <br> Helpful Resources <br> and Troubleshooting

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# Resources

**Beginners:**
- [RStudio Beginners' Guide](https://education.rstudio.com/learn/beginner/)
- Book: [*Data Science in Education Using R*](https://datascienceineducation.com)
  - See [Chapter 12](https://datascienceineducation.com/c12.html) - Walkthrough 6: Exploring Relationships Using Social Network Analysis With Social Media Data
  - [Physical copy of DSIEUR](https://www.routledge.com/Data-Science-in-Education-Using-R/Estrellado-Freer-Mostipak-Rosenberg-Velasquez/p/book/9780367422257)
  - [Even more resources from DSIEUR](https://datascienceineducation.com/c18.html)

**Intermediates:**
- [RStudio Intermediates' Guide](https://education.rstudio.com/learn/intermediate/)
- [{tidytags} package notes](https://docs.ropensci.org/tidytags/index.html)
- Book: [*R for Data Science*](http://r4ds.had.co.nz/)

**Experts:**
- [RStudio Experts' Guide](https://education.rstudio.com/learn/expert/)
- Book: [*Learning Statistics with R*](https://learningstatisticswithr.com/)
- [*Data Science in Education Using R*](https://datascienceineducation.com)
  - See [Chapter 20.3 Appendix C](https://datascienceineducation.com/c20.html#c20c) - Social Network Influence and Selection Models
- SNA resources: [Dr. Ken Frank's website](https://sites.google.com/msu.edu/kenfrank/social-network-resources)

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# Troubleshooting

- Try to find out what the specific problem is
  -  Identify what is *not* causing the problem
- "Unplug and plug it back in" - restart R; close and reopen R
- Seek out workshops and other learning opportunities
- Reach out to others! Sharing what is causing an issue can often help to clarify the problem
  - [RStudio Community forum](https://community.rstudio.com/) (highly recommended!)
  - Twitter hashtag: [#RStats](https://twitter.com/search?q=%23RStats&src=typeahead_click&f=live)
  - [Contact Bret!](http://bretsw.com)
- General strategies on learning more: [Chapter 17 of *Data Science in Education Using R*](https://datascienceineducation.com/c17.html)

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# <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 640 512" style="height:1em;width:1.25em;vertical-align:-0.125em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;font-size:inherit;fill:#fff;overflow:visible;position:relative;"><path d="M192 160h32V32h-32c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64s28.65 64 64 64zM0 416c0 35.35 28.65 64 64 64h32V352H64c-35.35 0-64 28.65-64 64zm337.46-128c-34.91 0-76.16 13.12-104.73 32-24.79 16.38-44.52 32-104.73 32v128l57.53 15.97c26.21 7.28 53.01 13.12 80.31 15.05 32.69 2.31 65.6.67 97.58-6.2C472.9 481.3 512 429.22 512 384c0-64-84.18-96-174.54-96zM491.42 7.19C459.44.32 426.53-1.33 393.84.99c-27.3 1.93-54.1 7.77-80.31 15.04L256 32v128c60.2 0 79.94 15.62 104.73 32 28.57 18.88 69.82 32 104.73 32C555.82 224 640 192 640 128c0-45.22-39.1-97.3-148.58-120.81z"/></svg> <br><br> *Next up* <br> Part 2: <br> Introduction to R

[`Part 2 slide deck here`](2-intro-R.html)